That might be a bit tough, since the vast majority of filters out there are (were!) used for correcting various properties inherent to film. All of that color correction/creativity can be done in post on your digital images. For a digital SLR, the only filters you will commonly want to use would be:


Circular polarizer - remove glare/reflections, add contrast to skies; effects cannot be duplicated in post processing


Neutral density filters - for slow shutter speeds in daytime, compensating for hardware limitations


Graduated ND filters - primarily for landscapes, this effect can be duplicated in post, but it's more work; but, you might explore HDR as an alternative to graduated ND filters


UV/clear filters - solely for lens protection and easier cleaning (dSLR sensors are insensitive to UV)


The best tutorial I've run across is this one:


http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-lens-filters.htm