I would also like to point out that it is possible to make, or improvise, some of your own modifiers. One of the more unique ones I came up with some time ago was to mount a textured glossy piece of photo printing paper onto foamboard. When clamped onto a rod in the umbrella rod hole of the lightsstand flashmount it allowed bouncing the flash off the surface to create a diffused light source without the same amount of light loss as shooting through an umbrella. The light is not as diffuse this way but it is cheap, simple, and effective. Translucent materials, plastics especially, also come up regularly in discussions about home made equipment.
One thing you did mention was using flash outdoors. It may not always be possible to work in a shaded area but when you can you will find it easier as you won't be trying to overpower the sun while creating the look you want.